Principles of Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Project Management - Essay Example Consideration of the research works of Rad & Levin (2006) reveals the fact that project management should not be viewed as ad-hoc process rather issues like internal communication within organization, ethical dilemma among project team members regarding project deliverables, leadership of project manager, knowledge sharing etc significantly impact project management methodologies. In such context, Melbourne (2003) stated that project managers play vital role in managing not only system aspect of the project management but also control the effect of the above mentioned issues. In simple word, certain level of skill attributes and competencies are required of a project manager in order to deliver successful project outcomes to client. It is evident from the arguments of above mentioned research scholars that success of project management significantly depends on people management, integration of organizational structure, development of communication model, ethics etc while certain leve l of skill and capabilities of project manager is needed in order to achieve project deliverables. ... analyzing duration of the project, budget estimation, developing draft of the project deliverables, planning, implementing the project plan, controlling the irregularities and finally closing the approach. Winch et al (2012) also argued that significant amount of symmetry exists between projects based management and organisational change process. However, Parker and Craig (2008) argued that project management can be temporary phase of the change management approach but it cannot be considered as robust measure of change process. For example, Parker and Craig (2008) and Parker et al. (2012) gave example of IT projects, construction projects where teams are being formed in accordance with client deliverables and project requirements and such teams are being dismantled after fulfilment of project objectives. At this point, a pertinent question may arise that whether people management is a temporary aspect in project management or not? To answer this question, the researcher will conside r the research works of Eve (2007) which was designed for highlighting the importance of organizational factors in project management. Although, teams are being formed in temporary basis during a particular project but without people management, it becomes difficult for project leaders to achieve project objectives. Eve (2007) conducted research on project management data of companies like AT&T, Hewlett Packard, GM and IBM and found that companies use Project Management Maturity models (PMMM) to synchronize the organizational aspects with mechanical framework of project management. Korbel and Benedict (2007) gave system definition of Project Management Maturity models (PMMM) which focuses more on benchmarking of performance and delivering value to customers. People play the role of

Disaster Rehabilitation Complex Essay Example for Free

Disaster Rehabilitation Complex Essay Bamboo Hybrid Building Construction Material Foldable emergency houses through Bamboo Hybrid Building Construction Material. A revolutionary way of construction where the bamboos are being combined with structural Bolt Ball steel to act as struts (replacing the steel/aluminium material) and form as a structural joints to achieve stability and flexibility. Together with Contex-T: textile architecture, a fiber reinforced structural element that will act as the roofs and walls which provide good insulation, maximum flexibility in design and maximum mobility with a short construction period; and Liter of Light: soda bottle solar light, an innovative invention that will turn a soda bottle into a 50-60 watts light bulb during the day, which will be attached customarily to the bamboo struts in different areas of the foldable houses. -source; Building with Bamboo by Gernot Minke; WHAT IS THE PROJECT ABOUT? DESCRIBE. (STATEMENT OF USE/FUNCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE BUILDING BASED ON NBC) Philippine Red Cross Disaster Rehabilitation Complex: An Evacuation and Rehabilitation Facility under, Group D – Institutional (Government and Health Services) Division-1 No. 4 Principal use of The 2004 Revised IRR of P.D no. 1096 (as published by the DPWH), dedicated for the disaster and calamity victims, and also will become the new headquarters of   Red Cross; a development that will change the image of unsystematic and unorganized evacuation center in the Philippines that aims to educate people in their condition during calamities while providing them a complete set of recreational, medical, educational, conventional and administration facilities dedicated for their fully rehabilitation directly from Philippine Red Cross, while eliminating the issue of politics and providing an immediate response during and after the calamity. A formal evacuation center in the Philippines that can cater a huge amount of evacuees while providing them comfort, care and medical attention and a comfortable emergency houses through Bamboo foldable houses, where a locally found bamboo’s are being modified and turn it into a unique hybrid construction material where it is incorporated with structural bolt steel and organic fiber reinforced textile material that can provide a recyclable, flexible, and a faster installation while reducing the cost and maintaining the stability and the proper standards for an emergency houses. LOCATION (OPTIONAL) Tent City of Tacloban Marcos Highway cor. Amang Rodriguez Ave., Barangay Dela Paz, Pasig City. TARGET USERS: PRIMARY:Evacuees and victims of disaster and calamities SECONDARY:Volunteers Doctors Medical Staff’s TERTIARY: People in needs of medical assistant Security personnel Donors Visitors NO. OF USERS: (approximate no.) 100,000 Families OWNER(S) OR CLIENT(S): Philippine Red Cross PROJECT OBJECTIVE(S) OF THE OWNER (WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR THE PROJECT?) 1. To erase the image of the Philippine’s chaotic evacuation center 2. To provide new Headquarters of Philippine Red cross that will become a center of their public service and donations 3. To educate and raise the awareness of the people to the Emergencies, Calamities, and Disasters 4. To help people recover from their condition, in a faster service with a complete facility dedicated for them. 5. To reduce the health casualties occurring in the un-organized evacuation center. BUDGET/FINANCING SCHEME: The amount of financial funds will be according to the donations collected by the Philippine National Red Cross from the different organizations of the Government especially From Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) and from private sectors and individual charitable donations. Structural3,000 per square meter Electrical and telecoms1,000 per square meter Sanitary 2,500 per square meter Sprinkler1,000 per square meter Mechanical1,500 per square meter Architectural 5,000 per square meter Emergency houses550,000 (estimated cost of bunk houses of government) Note: the cost of land acquisition for the site is not yet included in the above mentioned costing.

Soap Operas Are Regarded Media Essay

Soap Operas Are Regarded Media Essay Introduction Soap operas are often regarded as bad, poorly acted, not socially valued if not said have no aesthetic at all. Is it because most of the soap opera viewers are women? In traditional view, soap opera is perceived as less significant compare to other forms of television programme. However, this overview changed when soap opera reached high ratings and generated high revenues. It increases prominence of soap opera in television landscape and attract scholars to study this particular genre of television programme. The study of soap opera has not completed without studying its audiences. It is assumed that soap opera viewers are predominantly women. There are various theories of soap opera audience that emerge, such as uses and gratification (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Literature review The gendered audience theory discussed by Mary Ellen Brown in her book, Soap Opera and Womens Talk is the starting point of our discussion on women and soap opera. In the gendered audience theory, it is assumed that hegemonic values, in which tend to exclude non dominant perspectives, has to be deconstructed in order to study television audiences (Brown 1994, p.12). Brown (1994, p.13) assumes that the interaction between TV audiences and a text does not stop with the moment of consumption of the text. Rather, she explains that the process of meaning making exists in the tertiary text, a term used by John Fiske which refers to the conversations that people engage in about television watching, in which also used in the ethnographic research (Brown 1994, p.13). Brown asserts that soap opera gives women reactive pleasures, that is pleasures of being represented by the narrative that soap opera brought to the surface (Brown 1994, p.18). This pleasure has to do with the idea that soap opera has been facilitating women to talk with each other and expressing their ideas and feelings without being criticised (p.18). Soap opera depicts problems that women in real life are dealing with, it creates conversation between them around the text, which called the spoken text. This conversation is emerged as result of feeling unrepresented in the dominant discourse, in which women are considered as part of subordinate groups, where their positions are constructed within patriarchy system (p.23). Christine Scodari in her book, Serial Monogamy: soap opera, lifespan, and the gendered politics of fantasy discusses Stuart Halls (1980) decoding/ encoding model, in which divides the reader into preferred/ dominant, negotiated and oppositional. According to Lewis, this classic model is believed to leave a gap of readers who acknowledge the storys intent but disagrees with it (p.42). In order to fill in this gaps, Lewis creates a fourth designation, the resistive reading that is the process of questioning the idea of preferred reading by exploring the messages ambiguity they see fit (p.42). Scodari suggests to add the qualifier hegemonic or counter hegemonic into the discussion, as the emerging of interaction between soap opera fans creates collective positions of reading. She further explores this conception by discussing interaction between fans of Another World, a mid 1990s US soap opera. Scodari claims that the shows plot was becoming more similar with Days of Our Lives, that ten d to focus on catfight between the female characters, she calls this as DOOLification of soap opera (p.43). The plot tends to encourage confrontation between audiences that happens in private place such as home, or publicly in the online media. The fans reaction toward it was polarised between the preferred, hegemonic reading and the oppositional, counter hegemonic. The fans begin to name calling each other and attacking personal, in which Scodari refers this as tabloid talk (p.43). Jennifer Hayward, in her journal, Day after Tomorrow: Audience Interaction and Soap Opera Production discusses about soap opera audience have power over the show. This notion contradicts with the common perception that soap fans have been considered as passive victims, brainwashed by the shows narrative (p.97). Hayward analyse conversation between Oprah Winfrey and one of the addict soaps fans. Hayward finds that speculating what will happen to characters within the next episodes, which called the narrative game contributes to what we understood as soap pleasure (p.98). According to the conversation, Hayward assumes crucial function of soap opera as to provide communities an open lines of communication between viewers, a neutral field discussion for housewives isolated in their respective homes and nuclear families (p.99). She also adds other function of soap opera, which is to provide a forum for public to explore disruptive social issues as well as political matters. In relation to power of the audience, she contests the notion that soap opera audiences are passive victims. From her analysis of the fans letters and conversation with them, Hayward suggests that the audiences are showing active involvement with the process of fiction making (p.99). They send letters to the shows producer, convey their criticism and even giving suggestion on how the narrative should be. Hayward uses a case study of One Life to Live to show fans power. One of the characters of OLTL, left the show due to a contract dispute, the fans response by sending 45.000 letters and then it became the headlines across soap magazines. Hayward calls this activity as active fandom (p.101). Whetmore and Kielwasser on their journal, The Soap Opera Audience Speaks: A Preliminary Report discusses how the soap viewers perceive the viewing process (p.110). The complexity and multiple sub plots seem to be characteristic of soap opera, therefore it takes a while for newly viewers to be able to understand the whole narratives. The authors suggests that newly viewers of certain soap opera has to get over the hump, that is the process of understanding the historical ties that bind the characters together (p.110). This process is enabled through discussion with other more experienced viewers. Soap opera tends to withheld the solutions of problems encountered by the characters, ends each episode with questions in viewers minds. This is claimed to be one of the appeal of soap opera (Jen Hayward). This creates viewing dependency. According to Whetmore and Kielwasser, by this viewing consistency, viewers are developing different emotional payoffs. They classify these payoffs into thre e categories; immediate, short term and long term (p.111). Newly viewers usually developing immediate payoffs, because it do not require understanding of previous plot lines and are usually characterised by the completion of a single event (p.111). The example of immediate payoffs is romantic scene. Short term payoffs require viewing practice from the beginning of a single sub plot to its completion. It usually found in the mini climax of a single sub plot (p.111). Long term payoffs are mostly awaited by devoted and long time viewers. Often, it requires years of constant viewing. Barbara Stern and Cristel Russell in their journal, Vulnerable Women on Screen and at Home: Soap Opera Consumption contests positive functions of soap opera that have been described by Hayward. Stern and Russel assume that soap opera appealing for women because it provides emotional release, personal gratification, companionship and reality escapism (p.222). They claim that soap opera industry continue displaying vulnerable upper class women to put viewers in an inferior position that are constantly exposed to imaginary ways of living and improper role models. Persistent viewing practice is assumed to risk viewers an emotional harm (Jewel and Abate 2001). They claims that the soap industry repetitively convey gender stereotyping that put women in subordination (p.223). The negative effects of soap opera are claimed to give viewers parasocial attachment and vulnerability loop in social learning and behavioural modelling (p.223). Parasocial attachment is defined as viewer relationship with fictional characters in which perceived to be real people, thus able to influence viewers norms, desires and behaviours (Churchill and Moschis 1975). In long term period, this can lead to cultivation effects, that is images on television shapes viewers perception of social reality (Larson 1996, p.98). This is enabled by viewers attachment to characters they observe on a daily basis. The stronger this parasocially interaction, the more it is likely to become a source of behavioural modelling (Stern Russell 2005, p.223). In contrast with Haywards idea, Stern and Russell claim that social function of soap opera have been over expected, because it has negative implications to less educated and less affluent soap audiences. To clarify their idea, the authors discuss recent study of 900 long term soap viewers who mostly perceive that alcohol drinking looks attractive and is associated with success (Diener 1993). Behavioural modelling also become concerns especially for adolescent gi rl soap viewers. The author mention a study of teenage girl soap viewers responses to images of single mothers, found that the girls tend to trivialise the parental role of single mom as hip and enjoyable without having to work hard. Dorothy Hobson in her book, Soap Opera claims that those critics who perceive that soap opera viewers as vulnerable and likely to be fooled by the programmes have not done sufficient studies of the audience. Hobson supports what Brunsdon noted as active audiences. Those viewers consciously choose which aspects of the programmes that they interesting in and then interpret the text according to their own experiences (Hobson 2003, p.166). Soap operas are appealing to women audiences because the programmes portray problems as well as solutions that they can identify with. Viewers at home especially housewives are incorporating soap opera viewing as her daily routines and manage her domestic duties such as cooking and preparing for dinner in a way that enable them to watch prime time soap opera. In an interview she conducted to women viewers, Hobson finds that soap opera are interesting to them because of the unpredictable events that happen within the serial, unlike other genre such as n ews programmes that are most likely to show crimes (p.171). When something bad happens to soap opera characters, the dramatic effect that viewers feel is more likely as if it is happen to somebody they know. Draw from this findings, Hobson asserts that soap opera carries the message more effectively than the same discourses exposed in a news programme (p.172). Viewers also make judgement on how the characters should behave in certain circumstances, comparing with how they would react if those things happen to them in real life. Hobson asserts that watching soap opera is not a passive process, instead the pleasure of it comes from conversation with other people, sharing opinions and using it as a medium to discuss aspects of their own lives (p.175). According to interview conducted to working women in Britain, Hobson found that women are discussing soap opera within their workplace. This conversation of the narratives enables them to discuss personal matters without making anybody fe els being intruded and humiliated. Hobson calls this as bringing the private sphere into the public domain (p.179). Conversation about soap opera performs as a medium to discuss personal problems among these working women. Hobson calls this as creating a cultural space in the workplace (p.182). Conclusion

Cryogenics And The Future :: essays research papers

Cryogenics and the Future Cryogenics is a study that is of great importance to the human race and has been a major project for engineers for the last 100 years. Cryogenics, which is derived from the Greek word kryos meaning "Icy Cold," is the study of matter at low temperatures. However low is not even the right word for the temperatures involved in cryogenics, seeing as the highest temperature dealt with in cryogenics is 100 (C (-148 (F) and the lowest temperature used, is the unattainable temperature -273.15 (C (-459.67 (F). Also, when speaking of cryogenics, the terms Celsius and Fahrenheit are rarely used. Instead scientists use a different measurement called the Kelvin (K). The Kelvin scale for Cryogenics goes from 173 K to a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero. There are also two main sciences used in cryogenics, and they are Superconductivity and Superfluidity. Cryogenics first came about in 1877, when a Swiss Physicist named Rasul Pictet and a French Engineer named Louis P. Cailletet liquefied oxygen for the first time. Cailletet created liquid oxygen in his lab using a process known as adiabatic expansion, which is a "thermodynamic process in which the temperature of a gas is expanded without adding or extracting heat from the gas or the surrounding system"(Vance 26). At the same time Pictet used the "Joule-Thompson Effect," a thermodynamic process that states that the "temperature of a fluid is reduced in a process involving expansion below a certain temperature and pressure"(McClintock 4). After Cailletet and Pictet, a third method, known as cascading, was developed by Karol S. Olszewski and Zygmut von Wroblewski in Poland. At this point in history Oxygen was now able to be liquefied at 90 K, then soon after liquid Nitrogen was obtained at 77 K, and because of these advancements scientist all over the world began competing in a race to lower the temperature of matter to Absolute Zero (0 K) [Vance, 1-10]. Then in 1898, James DeWar mad a major advance when he succeeded in liquifying hydrogen at 20 K. The reason this advance was so spectacular was that at 20 K hydrogen is also boiling, and this presented a very difficult handling and storage problem. DeWar solved this problem by inventing a double- walled storage container known as the DeWar flask, which could contain and hold the liquid hydrogen for a few days. However, at this time scientists realized that if they were going to make any more advances they would have to have better holding containers. So, scientists came up with insulation techniques that we still use today.

Research Papers in Computer Science Essay

Since we recently announced our $10001 Binary Battle to promote applications built on the Mendeley API (now including PLoS as well), I decided to take a look at the data to see what people have to work with. My analysis focused on our second largest discipline, Computer Science. Biological Sciences (my discipline) is the largest, but I started with this one so that I could look at the data with fresh eyes, and also because it’s got some really cool papers to talk about. Here’s what I found: What I found was a fascinating list of topics, with many of the expected fundamental papers like Shannon’s Theory of Information and the Google paper, a strong showing from Mapreduce and machine learning, but also some interesting hints that augmented reality may be becoming more of an actual reality soon. The top graph summarizes the overall results of the analysis. This graph shows the Top 10 papers among those who have listed computer science as their discipline and chosen a subdiscipline. The bars are colored according to subdiscipline and the number of readers is shown on the x-axis. The bar graphs for each paper show the distribution of readership levels among subdisciplines. 17 of the 21 CS subdisciplines are represented and the axis scales and color schemes remain constant throughout. Click on any graph to explore it in more detail or to grab the raw data.(NB: A minority of Computer Scientists have listed a subdiscipline. I would encourage everyone to do so.) 1. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (available full-text) LDA is a means of classifying objects, such as documents, based on their underlying topics. I was surprised to see this paper as number one instead of Shannon’s information theory paper (#7) or the paper describing the concept that became Google (#3). It turns out that interest in this paper is very strong among those who list artificial intelligence as their subdiscipline. In fact, AI researchers contributed the majority of readership to 6 out of the top 10 papers. Presumably, those interested in popular topics such as machine learning list themselves under AI, which explains the strength of this subdiscipline, whereas papers like the Mapreduce one or the Google paper appeal to a broad range of subdisciplines, giving those papers a smaller numbers spread across more subdisciplines. Professor Blei is also a bit of a superstar, so that didn’t hurt. (the irony of a manually-categorized list with an LDA paper at the top has not escaped us) 2. MapReduce : Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters (available full-text) It’s no surprise to see this in the Top 10 either, given the huge appeal of this parallelization technique for breaking down huge computations into easily executable and recombinable chunks. The importance of the monolithic â€Å"Big Iron† supercomputer has been on the wane for decades. The interesting thing about this paper is that had some of the lowest readership scores of the top papers within a subdiscipline, but folks from across the entire spectrum of computer science are reading it. This is perhaps expected for such a general purpose technique, but given the above it’s strange that there are no AI readers of this paper at all. 3. The Anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual search engine (available full-text) In this paper, Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page discuss how Google was created and how it initially worked. This is another paper that has high readership across a broad swath of disciplines, including AI, but wasn’t dominated by any one discipline. I would expect that the largest share of readers have it in their library mostly out of curiosity rather than direct relevance to their research. It’s a fascinating piece of history related to something that has now become part of our every day lives. 4. Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints This paper was new to me, although I’m sure it’s not new to many of you. This paper describes how to identify objects in a video stream without regard to how near or far away they are or how they’re oriented with respect to the camera. AI again drove the popularity of this paper in large part and to understand why, think â€Å"Augmented Realityâ€Å". AR is the futuristic idea most familiar to the average sci-fi enthusiast as Terminator-vision. Given the strong interest in the topic, AR could be closer than we think, but we’ll probably use it to layer Groupon deals over shops we pass by instead of building unstoppable fighting machines. 5. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (available full-text) This is another machine learning paper and its presence in the top 10 is primarily due to AI, with a small contribution from folks listing neural networks as their discipline, most likely due to the paper being published in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. Reinforcement learning is essentially a technique that borrows from biology, where the behavior of an intelligent agent is is controlled by the amount of positive stimuli, or reinforcement, it receives in an environment where there are many different interacting positive and negative stimuli. This is how we’ll teach the robots behaviors in a human fashion, before they rise up and destroy us. 6. Toward the next generation of recommender systems: a survey of the state-of-the-art and possible extensions (available full-text) Popular among AI and information retrieval researchers, this paper discusses recommendation algorithms and classifies them into collaborative, content-based, or hybrid. While I wouldn’t call this paper a groundbreaking event of the caliber of the Shannon paper above, I can certainly understand why it makes such a strong showing here. If you’re using Mendeley, you’re using both collaborative and content-based discovery methods! 7. A Mathematical Theory of Communication (available full-text) Now we’re back to more fundamental papers. I would really have expected this to be at least number 3 or 4, but the strong showing by the AI discipline for the machine learning papers in spots 1, 4, and 5 pushed it down. This paper discusses the theory of sending communications down a noisy channel and demonstrates a few key engineering parameters, such as entropy, which is the range of states of a given communication. It’s one of the more fundamental papers of computer science, founding the field of information theory and enabling the development of the very tubes through which you received this web page you’re reading now. It’s also the first place the word â€Å"bit†, short for binary digit, is found in the published literature. 8. The Semantic Web (available full-text) In The Semantic Web, Tim Berners-Lee, Sir Tim, the inventor of the World Wide Web, describes his vision for the web of the future. Now, 10 years later, it’s fascinating to look back though it and see on which points the web has delivered on its promise and how far away we still remain in so many others. This is different from the other papers above in that it’s a descriptive piece, not primary research as above, but still deserves it’s place in the list and readership will only grow as we get ever closer to his vision. 9. Convex Optimization (available full-text) This is a very popular book on a widely used optimization technique in signal processing. Convex optimization tries to find the provably optimal solution to an optimization problem, as opposed to a nearby maximum or minimum. While this seems like a highly specialized niche area, it’s of importance to machine learning and AI researchers, so it was able to pull in a nice readership on Mendeley. Professor Boyd has a very popular set of video classes at Stanford on the subject, which probably gave this a little boost, as well. The point here is that print publications aren’t the only way of communicating your ideas. Videos of techniques at SciVee or JoVE or recorded lectures (previously) can really help spread awareness of your research. 10. Object recognition from local scale-invariant features (available in full-text) This is another paper on the same topic as paper #4, and it’s by the same author. Looking across subdisciplines as we did here, it’s not surprising to see two related papers, of interest to the main driving discipline, appear twice. Adding the readers from this paper to the #4 paper would be enough to put it in the #2 spot, just below the LDA paper. Conclusions So what’s the moral of the story? Well, there are a few things to note. First of all, it shows that Mendeley readership data is good enough to reveal both papers of long-standing importance as well as interesting upcoming trends. Fun stuff can be done with this! How about a Mendeley leaderboard? You could grab the number of readers for each paper published by members of your group, and have some friendly competition to see who can get the most readers, month-over-month. Comparing yourself against others in terms of readers per paper could put a big smile on your face, or it could be a gentle nudge to get out to more conferences or maybe record a video of your technique for JoVE or Khan Academy or just Youtube. Another thing to note is that these results don’t necessarily mean that AI researchers are the most influential researchers or the most numerous, just the best at being accounted for. To make sure you’re counted properly, be sure you list your subdiscipline on your profile, or if you can’t find your exact one, pick the closest one, like the machine learning folks did with the AI subdiscipline. We recognize that almost everyone does interdisciplinary work these days. We’re working on a more flexible discipline assignment system, but for now, just pick your favorite one. These stats were derived from the entire readership history, so they do reflect a founder effect to some degree. Limiting the analysis to the past 3 months would probably reveal different trends and comparing month-to-month changes could reveal rising stars.

Pulse Rate Essay

1. What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the strength/pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of our blood vessels. It is recorded as two numbers – the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. 2. Why is high blood pressure a problem? When blood pressure is high the heart is working to hard to get blood through your body and can cause heart attacks, strokes and even death, heart and kidney failure. (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/bp/bp.htm) 3. Why does increased physical activity raise heart rate? Increased physical activity increases oxygen demand as well as the need to remove excess carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration. In order to meet oxygen needs our heart rate increases along with other respirations to supply our body with the necessary oxygen. (Muscles require more oxygen for cellular respiration and increased cellular respiration increases carbon dioxide in our body that triggers the increase of breathing and circulation rates.) 4. Why is heart rate lower in an individual who does aerobic exercise regularly? A lot of exercise will cause our heart muscle to pump more blood with each beat/contraction. If the volume of the blood being pumped with each contraction is greater than the rate of our heartbeat will be lower. 5. Why do some people feel faint when they go quickly from lying down to standing? Gravity causes blood pressure in the arteries/vessels going to our brain to drop when standing up quickly after laying down. This motion causes a sudden feeling of faintness until mechanisms in our body elevate our blood pressure in the vessels to normal again. 6. How and why does heart rate change with body position? Heart rate increases from lying down to standing up because more energy is required for our body to maintain in a standing/sitting position in comparison to lying down. Therefore the increased need for ATP increases cellular respiration that causes an increase need for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in our body that triggers increased breathing so our heart rate increases as well. 7. From your study of the circulator system how would you describe a â€Å"fit† individual? A fit individual has an ability to contain a lot of oxygen by having an efficient respiration and circulatory system. When having these efficient systems their heart is allowed to pump more blood with each beat and the person can quickly recover from the stress of exercise(By returning their exercise pulse rate to their standing pulse rate) more quickly compared to a person who is not fit.