Philadelphia Schools Budget Crisis Philadelphia School...

Philadelphia Schools Budget Crisis Philadelphia also known as the city of â€Å"Brotherly Love† has turned from being about love and the community to being just all about money and tourist attraction. There are many homeless people still on the streets, there are people unemployed, jobs don’t want to hire people unless they have experience working in other jobs, schools shutting down left and right, extra curriculums are getting cut, but city officials are worrying about building new monuments, malls and building more parking lots. I’m not saying that there’s anything wrong with wanting to bring in more attraction however, they need to focus on a much bigger issue. And what exactly is the bigger issue? Well the bigger issue is in fact the Pennsylvania educational system, in which I believe has the worst educational system in the country. The Philadelphia School District has students suffering because they have to get put into new schools with different uniforms and different teachers. Getting put into schools that are already overcrowded with students and going to a school that doesn’t have the same curriculums as their old school. Not only does the students suffer, but the teachers and staffs suffer too. They are either laid off or have to teach a different subject. I wonder why would they make teachers teach a subject to students that they never studied for? For instance, in high school, I had an algebra teacher teaching American history and he would just basically hand outShow MoreRelatedStakeholder Analysis : The Fox School Of Business Of Temple University1403 Words   |  6 Pagesstakeholders. With the economy in a frenzy and so many financial firms in free fall, analysts, and even educators, wonder if the way business students are taught may have contributed to the economic crisis (Holland 2009). With all the accusations being made about the legitimacy of business schools, the Fox School of Business of Temple University, must be sure to keep all of its important and influential stakeholders as one of their top priorities. A stakeholder is an individual or group that is affectedRead MoreThe Education System Has Been Failing Students As Time Progresses885 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary equipment in high schools, teachers fail to make students engaged and feel passionate about education. Every morning, it is the same routine, forty minutes here or an hour there just to sit in a classroom and learn nothing because students do not find the lectures interesting. In The past year, the school reformed commission decided to close 23 public schools to reduce the citywide debt and in May the final decision was reached And they decided to lay off school faculties, teachers, principalsRead MoreArticle Review And Evaluation Of The Universal Pay System848 Words   |  4 Pagesattract teachers to the district. Due to this crisis, my district put into place a voluntary switch to the universal pay guide. The universal pay guide is not measured by education, instead it is based on steps or years in the district. The district uses an evaluation system based on teacher practices and student standardized assessment scores. Although it is necessary to have an established system to reward and attract highly effective teachers to a school district, all systems need to be implementedRead MoreEssay on Affordable Housing Crisis1088 Words   |  5 PagesLow-Income Housing Alliance for Healthy Homes: Crisis in Affordable Housing WATCH: Community Development Program: Affordable Housing Development CommonBond Communities: Applying for CommonBond Affordable Housing National Association of Realtors: A Field Guide to Low-Income Housing Neighbor to Neighbor Organization: Affordable Housing Program National Low-Income Housing Coalition: Affordable Housing Placement Program U.S. Census Bureau: State Median Income Statistics Read MoreA Moral Issue Of Poverty1602 Words   |  7 Pagesdecrease has been seen since 1965. It is argued that we do not need another war on poverty since nothing has seemed to help, but this is an issue that affects everyone. As Mark Bittman stated in his article â€Å"Why We’re Fasting† â€Å"This is a moral issue; the budget is a moral document.† Poverty can be improved if more emphasis is added to helping individuals or families out of poverty, instead of assisting them through their lives, by improving existing laws or implementing new laws centering around the ideaRead MoreThe U.S. Is Running Out Of Nurses. The Country Has Experienced1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. has been dealing with a nursing deficit of varying degrees for decades, but today—due to an aging population, the rising incidence of chronic disease, an aging nursing workforce, and the limited capacity of nursing schools this shortage is on the cusp of becoming a crisis, one with worrying implications for patients and health-care providers alike. America’s 3 million nurses make up the largest segment of the health-care workforce in the U.S., and nursing is currently one of the fastest-growingRead MoreHomelessness in America3563 Words   |  15 PagesHomelessness in America Social Program: Public Housing Introduction The issue of homelessness is one that I can relate to all too well. About twenty five years ago I found myself among the homeless. My story is simple, I had no formal education and was working a job making minimum wage. I couldn’t keep up with my rent and other living expenses and was finally evicted from my overpriced apartment. At the time I was on a waiting list for public housing for which there wasRead MoreEnglish and Music Classes and High School Dropouts1773 Words   |  8 Pagesgrades of school. They are taught in elementary school, because that is the time in the students’ lives when they are most susceptible to influence. They are taught music and English studies in middle school, because that is the time in their lives when they are starting to figure out what interests them. Music carries over to high school and keeps the students tied to their friends through the school transition. The students are taught music and English studies in high school, and it keepsRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Is Not A Opportunity1817 Words   |  8 Pages In fact, universities are no longer seen as simply a place of higher education. They are rather professional junctions from which students can become secure jobs and steady income afterward. This is partially due to the fact that graduating high school is no longer seen as an accomplishment and in effect, about 65% of all jobs require at least a bachelor’s degree to be competitive for (Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, 2009). However, costs of attending have almost counterintuitivelyRead MoreWhy We Should Be Heading Towards Space Exploration1879 Words   |  8 Pagesexploration aside, what is the actual cost of these endeavors. The space shuttle program (now retired) was the primary consumer when it came to taxpayer funds. According to NASA (2012), â€Å"For Fiscal Year 2010, the average cost to prepare and launch a shuttle mission was approximately $775 million. Shuttle Endeavour, the orbiter built to replace shuttle Challenger, cost approximately $1.7 billion to build. The life of the shuttle program has cost $113.7 billion. (Not adjusted for inflation)† (p1). $113.7 billion

Comparing the Yellow Wallpaper Story of an Hour

â€Å"Ball and Unchained† How much would you sacrifice to have the ability to make your own decisions? What would you do to be truly free; from debt, poverty, sadness, addiction, or from anything that causes you misery, pain or unhappiness? Would you risk insanity or even your life? Both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin are two short stories that can today be categorized as feminist works of fiction. The main characters are females who are struggling for freedom from their husbands. Although the characters situations differ and the women react differently once they are aware of their suppression, the authors use similar motifs, imagery and themes. Both Gilman and Chopin use irony†¦show more content†¦The narrator believes that congenial work would do her good (326) and that writing is a relief for her troubled mind, but John forbids both. Instead he confines his wife to a room with barred windows and hideous yellow wa llpaper, does not allow her to exert herself physically or mentally, and prevents her from seeing her friends and family. While â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is arguably less detailed, there is no doubt that the main character, Louise Mallard, is also oppressed by her husband. Instead of feeling melancholy about the loss of her husband, Louise exalts in the freedom that Brently’s death has now given her, realizing that the years to come â€Å"would belong to her absolutely† (317). Her oppression has ended and she now has the liberty to do what she pleases. Instead of dreading living a long and repressed life with her husband, she is happy with the realization that her life will be long and full of independence. Chopin also writes, â€Å"A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime† (317). It is not that Louise’s husband is willingly choosing to deny power to his wife, but more so that marriage is inherently oppressive. It is only as the unnamed narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† slips further into obsession and insanity does she begin to understand that she is not in total control of her life. The narrator begins to see a woman confined by the wallpaper and knows that the woman is a prisoner. She becomes fixated on freeingShow MoreRelatedComparing the Plots of The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour875 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we compare contrast the two stories The Yellow Wallpaper vs. The Story of an Hour†. If we first look at the similarities that they have, they are both about women who are controlled by their husbands, and who desired freedom. But both women had different reasons for their freedom. It sounds as though both husbands had control over their lives and both women had an illness. But I don’t believe the husbands knew their wives were so miserable. So as we look at the lives of women back in theRead More Comparing Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper; and Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour1097 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour The Yellow Wallpaper;, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and The Story of an Hour;, by Kate Chopin, are alike in that both of the women in the stories were controlled by their husbands which caused them to feel an intense desire for freedom. Both stories were also written from a feminist point of view. However, the women in the stories had different life changes and different responses to theirRead MoreComparing The Story of an Hour, by Kate Chopin and The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman850 Words   |  4 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and The Story of an Hour, by Kate Chopin are two very similar stories. Both women were controlled by their husbands who caused them to feel an intense desire for freedom. However, the women in the stories had different life experiences and different reactions to their own freedom as a result of their different personalities. Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour had to deal with a sort of burden. Her husband had control over her body andRead MoreEffects of Thirdperson and First Person1197 Words   |  5 Pagesof Third Person and First Person Can the point of view in which a story is told really change its plot? When reading a story in the first person compared to the third person, one will have two different outlooks on the story. A story being told in the first person can be unreliable at points. It allows you to get inside the protagonists head and know what they are thinking, but you are only limited to their thoughts. While a story told in the third person gives you a little more freedom, you wontRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson And The Yellow Wallpaper1302 Words   |  6 Pages Reading The Lottery by Shirley Jackson and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman make the reader so passionate to know what is going to happen next because they are two of the most expressive and meaningful stories that have lots of great deep meanings. These stories share so many similarities when it comes to symbols, themes, and conflicts. Although The Lottery and The Yellow Wallpaper do not have the same plot, their themes have some similarities like following unfair traditionsRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And Charlotte Perkins Gilman s The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesA Women’s Role in a Patriarchal Society During the 19th Century Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper are two of the first works of feminist literature in the 19th century. They were written at a time when a woman’s lot was characterized by gender inequality, with few legal, social, or political rights. In the 19th century women were constant victims of society’s ideals, defined as physically and intellectually weaker than men. Fathers and husbandsRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper is a story that exemplifies the common belief during the 1800’s. During then women were never held accountable for any duties other than being house bidden due to the weakness of handling stress. In the 1800s society was known to look past women who did anything besides house chores and raising children. Majority of women were then meant to be housewives and mothers and seen as the trophy wife and nothing more. It was extremely uncommon f or the average women to want to furtherRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay3186 Words   |  13 Pagesimprisonment Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour,† and Charlotte Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† present similar plots about two wives who have grown to feel imprisoned in their own marriages. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† focuses on a woman who feels so entrapped in her own marriage that she begins to feel this type of isolation and imprisonment all around her. She begins to feel as though the room, in which she is being forced to stay in is a prison in itself. â€Å"Story of an Hour,† has a similar plot of aRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin And The Yellow Wallpaper1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman written in the 1890s both reflect gender roles of this time, specifically women’s roles. In these stories both of the women are oppressed by their marriages, and by the end of the stories both wish to be rid of their husbands. Also, in both of these st ories these women experience mental illnesses, mainly depression. These illnesses were looked at as something minor during this time, was it because psychologistsRead MoreSince The 18Th Century, Society Has Evolved Immensely Especially1975 Words   |  8 Pagesor having their own opinions. Women were perceived as only a step up from children and men were perceived as the almighty. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a prominent American feminist takes charge and stands up for woman by writing the story The Yellow Wallpaper. In the story an unnamed narrator suffers from postpartum depression shortly after delivering a baby. However, her doctor who is also her husband, John misdiagnosis her with the condition hysteria and prescribes to her the resting cure. The resting

History of Media Effects Free Essays

1. Consider the history of media effects presented in Chapter 3. Choose one historical media event that has occurred in the country of your choice. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Media Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now How has your chosen historical media event opened up a larger discourse about a social issue? Did the issue create conversion or reinforcement of public opinion about the social issue represented in the media event? Support your answer with reference from the text. With reference to the case of Mas Selamat Kastari who was believed to be involved in the Jemaah Islamiah (JI) group in plotting terrorism activities in Singapore such as crashing a plane into Changi Airport . He was Singapore’s most wanted fugitive for more than a year after escaping from detention on 27 February 2008. Since then, it was the  largest manhunt ever carried out in Singapore, furthermore daily local newspapers, TV news report, posters also tried to raise public awareness about Mas Selamat through repeated news coverage. Hence, with the aid of mass media, Mas Selamat was certainly the hottest topic everywhere and eventually became the historical media event that opened up a larger discourse about terrorism which was a social issue ever since 1963. In the early 80s, the government had implemented a series of measures to counter terrorism in Singapore and after 1991 Singapore has not experience any terrorism therefore resulting in the citizens letting down their guard and eventually the issue on terrorism was taken lightly. With reference to agenda setting theory which explains the powerful influence mass media have in telling us what issues are important, the case of Mas Selamat involving the massive usage of mass media had successfully trigger the fear in the minds of the citizens and the issue on terrorism(security matters) became increasingly important during that period of time. Many citizens wrote in to Straits Times claiming that the government deserved to be blamed for the escape of Mas Selamat and if terrorism will to happen in Singapore. Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew responded to the Straits Times: â€Å"Mas Selamat Kastari was ‘an escape artist’ who had evaded arrest many times, and Singapore’s security officers knew this, when you are complacent in handling a wily detainee, then you have been negligent. He also added that,† complacency sets in when people have not suffered any shock or setback for a long time and Singaporeans are being complacent when they believe that the Government will take care of all security matters. † PAP MP Lim Wee Kiak referred complacency as a ‘side-effect’ of an overly successful Government and civil service. (â€Å"Straits Times†, 2008). From this historical media event, we can see the impact of media in creating conversion of the public opinion. The public’s attit ude towards terrorism (security matters) changed from a dependent on the government to a self-dependent one after the escape of Mas Selamat . Furthermore, according to the public opinions on Singapore forum after the capture of Mas Selamat in 2009, although some were still debating on whether is the Government of Singapore doing enough to protect us from terrorism, but majority strongly believed that Singaporeans should not delude ourselves into thinking that our government is infallible as our government can only do so much-implementing counter terrorism measures, awareness posters and videos in train stations and public transports . Hence, the more relevant questions to ask ourselves – Are we Singaporeans doing enough to protect ourselves from terrorism? Are we coming together as one nation to do our national service in learning and protecting our country, life and property? The citizens of Singapore should not just solely rely on the government but also play our part in preventing the threat of terrorism. How to cite History of Media Effects, Papers

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Answer: In reply to this article, I would like to state that, the article has aptly highlighted the complications that are associated with the effective prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) in Saudi Arabia (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2015). While discussing CAUTI, the article has taken the reference of King Fahad Specialist Hospital in Dammam which is considered as the Ministry of Health as a flagship hospital. This hospital has advanced grade oncology treatment unit in order to provide better benefits to the cancerous patients. However, it has minimal recourses to control CAUTI which are common among the neutropenic patients. The article was successful in highlighting obstacles in controlling CAUTI. The article has effectively thrown light on inadequate supply of the Foley Catheter Insertion Kits and stringent custom rules that delays the supply of the Catheter Insertion Kits. Another reason highlighted behind the increase in the incidence of the CAUTI is the long time hospital stay, especially in the ICU (Sirkhazi et al. 2014). However, the article has failed to highlight other common process that can be used to control CAUTI. Some of the frequently used strategies that can be used to control UTI among the patients during their hospital stay include: maintenance of closed drainage system, avoidance of the floor contact of the urinary bag, period change of the indwelling catheters or drainage bags and observance of aseptic insertion of the urinary catheter. Another curial fact which the article failed to mention in regards to the CAUTI is: the urine flow must remain unobstructed. Moreover, it is mandatory to place the urinary catheter above the thigh and the urinary bag should always hang below the urinary bladder (Mehta et al. 2014). References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Urinary tract infection (catheter-associated urinary tract infection [CAUTI] and non-catheter-associated urinary tract infection [UTI]) and other urinary system infection [USI]) events.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA: https://www. cdc. gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/7pscCAUTIcurrent. pdf. Mehta, Y., Gupta, A., Todi, S., Myatra, S.N., Samaddar, D.P., Patil, V., Bhattacharya, P.K. and Ramasubban, S., 2014. Guidelines for prevention of hospital acquired infections.Indian journal of critical care medicine: peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine,18(3), p.149. Sirkhazi, M., Sarriff, A., Aziz, N.A., Almana, F., Arafat, O. and Shorman, M., 2014. Bacterial Spectrum, Isolation Sites and Susceptibility Patterns of Pathogens in Adult Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients at a Specialist Hospital in Saudi Arabia.World Journal of Oncology,5(5), pp.196-203.

Alejandro Iglesias Essays - Memory Disorders, Psychiatry, Psychology

Alejandro Iglesias Psychology Dr. Mi Na Ahn April 16, 2017 Repressed Memories Repressed memories are memories that are involuntarily unable to be recalled. These are largely due to trauma which is what we will be discussing in this essay. Memories involved in trauma are very severe and so, as a defense mechanism, the brain will "tune out" these memories from consciousness in order to protect itself. By evading any thoughts of the negative memory the brain is trying to avoid further damage of the trauma by not thinking about it. The main problem that arises with repressed memories is that they are not completely forgotten, and conflict between conscious and consciousness states of mind seem to have an interference in the brain that has negative effects on one who has traumatic experiences, whether they remember the experiences or not. In psychology, the mind is largely considered to be like an iceberg. Conscious awareness is like the tip of the iceberg, meanwhile unconscious awareness and memory is the vast majority of the iceberg, Unconscious memory affects all of our lives. When you see the face of an acquaintance on the street, although you were not currently thinking about that person, you recognized them and naturally brought up a brief synapsis about your relationship towards that person (in order to respond appropriately to seeing them). This is proof of how the subconscious mind is always at work Some of the conditions associated by the effects of repressed memories include eating disorders, dissociative amnesia and dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders involve a break, or dissociation, in consciousness memory or persons sense of identity. In dissociative amnesia, the individual cannot remember personal information such as one's own name or specific personal events - the kind of information contained in long term memory,. Dissociative amnesia mat sound like retrograde amnesia but it differs in its cause. While retrograde amnesia is caused by physical trauma, Dissociative amnesia is caused by emotional trauma. In conclusion, repressed memories sit within a large spectrum of unconscious thoughts that are partially responsible for governing our behaviors and actions. There is much controversy related to retrieving false memories. Many say that a therapist conducted session with the intent of uncovering suppressed memories, may only lead to implementation of flase memories to the patient rather than uncovering genuine memories. These memories can be falsely distorted due to a variety of factors and there is no reliable evidence to show that therapies to retrieve suppressed memories are completely effective. There will have to be more research done into repressed memories and their mechanisms for scientists and psychologists to have a better understanding of the way that repressed memories based on traumatic experience work, and how to accurately retrieve them.

A Synopsis of Lasting Themes Found in The Child by Tiger essays

A Synopsis of Lasting Themes Found in The Child by Tiger essays Found in The Child by Tiger In Thomas Wolfes carefully constructed short story, The Child by Tiger, excerpts from William Blakes poem Tiger and the King James Bible enrich the central themes of the plot. Although The Child by Tiger is very cryptic in revealing its purpose, several important concepts may be inspected to aid the reader in discovering Wolfes meaning. The stirring first stanza of Tiger, chosen by Wolfe to precede his story, braces the reader for the darker imagery to follow. The vivid words of Blakes poem are put to work as underlying themes in The Child by Tiger, including images of darkness, shadows, fear, and the fire-like burn of the tigers eye that haunts the rest of the plot. It is in this imagery that perhaps Wolfes primary theme is founded: what is human nature and what are its capabilities for both good and evil? The character Dick Prosser is upon introduction a deeply religious, gentle, and multi-talented man. Almost immediately in the story, Wolfe begins a consistent reference to Dick as very cat-like in nature, drawing on his cunning prowess, speed, and agility. It can thus be gathered that the tiger illustrated in Blakes poem is symbolic of Dick. The narrator paints an illustrious image of Dick Prosser in the early stages of the story, creating an instant admiration for what the reader first believes to be the protagonist; however, it is soon noted that Dick went too softly, at too swift a pace, marring the seemingly flawless character and casting a shadow of doubt over the almost-hero. Comparing Dick to a shadow or something moving in the night, both disturbs the reader and causes one to question first impressions. Night, darkness, and shadows emerge as crucial themes, once again drawing their power from the introductory stanza ...

Intellectual Disabilities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intellectual Disabilities - Research Paper Example Moreover, intellectual disabilities affect individuals during aging. Understanding intellectual disability is critical in education to help students having this condition (Woodcock & Vialle, 2010). This paper will discuss the definition of intellectual, its characteristics and its impacts on intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Moreover, strategies to assist students in this disability category will be described. Defining Intellectual Disability World Health Organization describes intellectual disability as the significant reduction of the ability to comprehend new information and in learning and applying new skills. The American Association of Intellectual and Development Disability (AAIDD) explain that intellectual disability is not usually an isolated disorder. AAIDD offers a three dimensional definition of intellectual disability and this is the most widely acknowledged definition (Barrett, 2011). According to the AAIDD, intellectual disability is a disorder that begin s before one gets to the age of 18 years that is characterized by great limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Intellectual functioning refers to various aspects of life such as learning, reasoning, problem solving (Barrett, 2011). On the other hand, adaptive behavior touches on a range of practical and social skills in areas of self-care, communication, self-direction, health, safety leisure and work. Intellectual disability has been introduced as a replacement to mental retardation that was previously used (Jellinek, Patel & Froehle, 2002). The prevalence of intellectual disability in America is relatively high with about one in every ten families affected. However, the estimated prevalence varies based on the criteria used in diagnosis, study design and ways of ascertaining (Barrett, 2011). For instance, when intelligent quotient (IQ) is used in diagnosis, the prevalence of intellectual disability is estimated at 3 percent but when applying the AAIDD defini tion, national prevalence stand at 1 percent. Prevalence of intellectual disability is higher among males and the male to female ration is about 1.5 to 1 (Barrett, 2011). Diagnosis and Assessment of ID Assessment of intellectual disability involves a multidisciplinary team comprising of psychiatrists, pediatricians, psychologists and clinical geneticists. The assessment is usually comprehensive where intellectual ability, adaptive behavior and medical and family history of the patient is assessed (Garbutt, 2010). DSM-IV-TR offers standardized criteria used in the diagnosis of the disorder and this is used among children and adults. Intellectual is characterized by below average intellectual functioning. The characteristics of intellectual disability include the fact that disorder begins before the age of 18. DSM-IV-TR requires that all the symptoms of intellectual disability must have begun before the age of 18 (Garbutt, 2010). However, this does not limit diagnosis after 18 years. Nevertheless, children who have not reached the age of two years should not be subjected to intellectual disability diagnosis. This may however be conducted in case a child demonstrates severe symptoms related to intellectual disability for instance Down syndrome (Garbutt, 2010). The other characteristic of intellectual disability is poor adaptive functioning. Adaptive functioning is described as the effectiveness of an individual to functioning in tandem with

Buddhist Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Buddhist Economics - Assignment Example tholics, Orthodox or Protestants have a lot in common, such as they agree with the standard of the New Testament, they own up to the Apostolic Creed and also assert the different institutions of the church. However a number of teachings such as the Gospel of Thomas, philips gospel and Gospel of Truth later came to be discovered at Nag Hammadi by an avenger. On the leadership, the Orthodox Christian group held the belief that leadership only belongs to a small group of persons whose authority could not be challenged in any given way whatsoever and the right to ordain such leader was a prerogative of the apostle. But the Gnostics rejected this theory and went ahead to call it the â€Å"faith of fools.’’ Resurrection then became a controversy where all Christians believed that only Christ or God hold that spiritual authority yet when questioned on who bears that authority presently, one Valentinus responds by saying that it is only the one that comes into direct contact with God that holds this authority. These historical sources all portray God as having been a malicious envier since He envied Adam having consumed   fruit from the tree of knowledge and their eyes being opened just as the serpent promised as described is eby    Gnostic. Clement, the author asserts that God is the ruler and master and should, therefore, be obeyed. He delegates these powers to rulers such as bishops, priests and deacons who must be equally respected and anyone who disobeys them deserves punishment of death! The Gnostics, on the other hand, do not like this idea as some of these leaders could be compromised or entangled by personal gains. Irenaes goes ahead to support this statement by even saying that there is only one true God and that it, therefore, means that there is only one true and one representative of God’s authority on earth- the bishop. Another newly revealed script gives words spoken by a womanly authority, giving the idea that God created both male and female while

Developments in SEN )Special Educational Needs Essay

Developments in SEN )Special Educational Needs - Essay Example This approach concentrated on difference rather than normality, on sickness rather than well being, and specifically on the problem affecting the child. In doing so, children acquired medically diagnosed groups, which emphasized on deficit rather than potential (Jones 2003, p.9). Therefore, in the early 20th century education for children with special needs used the strategy of separate, special schools for children thought to need such schools. In addition, psychometric analysis by early psychologists supported the use of special schools. In 1944, a number of reforms were done on the education system. The majority of the reforms were towards the mainstream education and the availability of free education for all. In addition, the 1944 education reforms also addressed particular aspects of education for education for children with special needs. However, the approach, and definition of children with special requirements was not as sufficient as its requirements for education in gener al (Hodkinson & Vickerman 2009, p.23). The 1944 Act still relied on the medical model of disability. Under this Act, eleven categories of handicap were identified, and children belonging to those categories were identified based on their desired treatment. The use of unique schools to educate children with special needs remained the most desired approach, although less recognition was paid to the provision of education in mainstream schools. The 1944 Act continued to refer to children with a disability of mind or body, and focused on special schools to cater for handicapped children (Jones 2003, pg 13). Through the 1960s and 1970s, education for children with special needs shifted towards an approach favored by behaviorist psychologist. An example of psychologist who played a crucial role in shaping education for children with special needs was Lois Malaguzzi who spent much his time understanding how children learn. This approach focused on the need to apply operant conditioning tec hniques. Experts refused the medical model and campaigned for an approach that applied only what that could be observed. The approach was criticized by some behaviorist terming it a significant weakness. However, the reforms were very vital because they emphasized on the possibility to modify the problems of children with special needs. In addition, the reforms placed the responsibility to the teacher as one way of ensuring that the reforms became effective (DfES, 2004). The behaviorist techniques appeared very effective in dealing with particular difficulties such as self help skills. On the other hand, they were seen as less effective in assisting children with duties that required more understanding. It is evident that the 1960s and 70s created a way for new approaches to special needs. During this period, attitudes towards special education started to change, and in some sections the behaviorist initiatives caused the teaching of children with learning problems appear more acces sible to teachers in mainstream schools. In connection to this, Vygotsky who was a renowned education theorist, once pointed out that most essential learning by a child happens through social interaction with the help of a skillful tutor. Similar sentiments were put forward by John Dewey who argued that learning and education are interactive and social processes, and the school remains to be a social institution whereby social

Attachment theory in raising children

Attachment theory in raising children Attachment is the link that forms between the person taking care of an infant and the infant itself from when it is between eight to nine months of age, giving the child security emotionally. Bonding starts from when a child is being given food, and goes on to participating in pseudo-dialogue and then it is followed by the child taking part in more active roles of proto dialogue, as shown by Kaye (1982), other ideas such as inter-subjectivity and scaffolding have been looked into by psychologists. As an infant continues growing, their attention towards the person taking care of them increases. John Bowlby (1958, 1980) founder of the attachment theory was involved in extensive analysis on the emotional link between infants and adults and he had a strong belief that the early relationships greatly determined the emotional and behavioral growth of a child. An earlier study done by Bowlby in 1944 found out that children who had an unstable upbringing where more likely to become juvenile derelicts. His work is often free to criticism and has been improved on with further research. Other following research has measured different levels of security and insecurity in children from early times by use of the method known as Strange Situation Test. Other explorations have also shown different types of the difficult habits and how a child may relate with the person taking care of them actively. Bowlbys theory was founded on ideas from ethology studies and earlier works. The psychodynamic theory as put by Sigmund Freund was very pertinent during the 50s following the Second World War when women were taking up caring for households and playing motherhood roles as men were going back to employment post war. Sigmund believed that every child ought to have a relationship with one caregiver monotropism and that separating from this person would bring about the proximity promoting behaviors in the attachment order. The caregiver coming would cause the behaviors of, clinging, making noise and crying to come to an end. The protected grounds of the affectionate links present between the parent and infant representation becomes part and parcel of the inner working model. These therefore become the heart and the base of all close relationship during continuation of the childs life all through to adulthood. The interference of a mother and childs relationship through lack of emotion, se paration and bereavement to the bonding process. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation (1951, 1953) was supported by Konrad Lorenz imprinting study on the young ones of animals done in 1966. He believed that the childs caregiver should impress as a constant figure, and that lack of maternal links between mother and child could be dangerous to the childs health mentally and could cause delinquency. His opinions on long term organizational care were that if a child was placed in a foster home before reaching two years and six months social, emotional and cognitive development may not be delayed but his other works show there has been varying types of parting in youth with serious behavioral issues. Attachment behavior as looked into by Mary Ainsworth works (1985 Ainsworth and Bell, 1974 Ainsworth et al 1978) becomes the base for all potential connections and this develops up to two years from the time the child is born. She also agreed with Bowlby on the view that the attachment bonding occurs at the age of two years. Roughly when t he child is seven months old they become watchful of strangers and unknown environments. This continues until the child attains two years of age. The process Ainsworth (1969) investigated to determine if a child was securely or insecurely connected was the strange situation paradigm. This involved a series of short separations and reunions. The childs parent and a person unknown to the child took part in the study with a child aged one year, there were eight series in total and Ainsworths measurement on secure and insecure connection was founded on the reunion scene of how the child reacted in such a situation. Evaluation was carried out using four different variables. The results showed that there were three main varying styles of adjusting. Type A was the anxious/avoidant. Type B secure and Type C was the anxious /ambivalent. Most children showed secure attachment; one fifth of them showed anxious/avoidant and one tenth showed anxious/ambivalent. Main and Solomon (1990) introduced yet another variable, D Type: which in recent times was disorganized to match the behaviors of children in risky environments. The strange situation paradigm, has been faulted by Judy Dunn (1982, 1983), she believed that children from varying backgrounds like institutional care and those living with their families may bring different meanings to the test and the childs environment. The method and results of the experiment are doubted even by Judy Dunn herself. In another study carried out by Richman in 1982 et al it showed that different dangerous factors of disturbed behavior can be evident from the time a child is three years old. Some of the factors known to influence a childs emotional development are the mothers mental state, marital stability and the parents attitudes to the child. The childs active part must also be taken into consideration when giving advice on bringing up children as is shown in Sameroffs 1991 transactional model, as children interact with their environmen ts, while the caregiver develops the childs behavior and how they will relate in future. In Ainsworth and Bowlbys view in which they both agree relationships are universal it can said that different peoples and cultures have different degrees on how long a child should be left alone, Japanese, the Chinese and the Israeli results showed Type C in a research done across cultures by one Marinus van Ijzendoorn and Peter Kroonenberg in 1988. Problems could also be with the ethological view of drawing comparisons between children and the young ones of animals as they could be controlled by an instinct. Bowlby considered only the effect on the child by the caregiver yet other factors could affect this such as the child moods. A mother whose child has a thorny mood could prefer to work and leave their child in a day facility which in turn could have a negative effect on the mother being unable to leave the child behind with other people. The mothers patience and the look of the goodness of fit Chess and Thomas (1984) could impact on the behavior and a reflection on the attachmen t link between the child and mother. Bowbly and Ainsworth were together in the development of secure links as per the sensitive mothering of a child in its first year but it could have an impact on the mother as argued by Woollet and Pheonix in 1991, where if she has to give up all her earlier duties and work possibly leading to frustrations. A workable alternative is to share the responsibility of parenting but this would be in contrast to Ainsworth and Bowlbys opinion. The showing of the movie A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, by James Robertson in 1952 showed the stress and pains of a child separated from the mother during a long stay in hospital. During this period mothers were advised not to pay regular visits to their children while in hospital. According to Ainsworth and Bowlby the separation of the child could have terribly affected its emotional wellbeing and the bonding process. Separation and providing alternative means for taking care of the child have been researched on more recently. Day care was among the topics researched into by Bowlby and he believed that if a child started nursery schooling before attaining three years of age, it would also cause irreparable damage to the child. However, recent studies done during the 70s and 80s have shown varying opinions and this was proved in a research carried out by Laurence Steinberg and Jan Belsky in 1978 and in yet another study done by Clarke-Stewart and Fein (1983). A much later study don e by Belsky (1988), had different views as mothers who worked for more than 20 hours a week showed a higher level of insecure attachment as compared to his earlier study which found absolutely no problems with taking children for day care, Clarke-Stewart opposed this data. Other crucial factors that needed to be taken into consideration according to Belsky were the difference in the surroundings, the children in the day care facility, the staff at the day care and the quality of the day care.

love Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love (l v) n. deep, tender, ineffable feeling of affection and solicitude toward a person, such as that arising from kinship, recognition of attractive qualities, or a sense of underlying oneness. A feeling of intense desire and attraction toward a person with whom one is disposed to make a pair; the emotion of sex and romance. (Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary,  © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc). There are many different definitions of love. To each person it is different, but most agree it is one of the most important emotions to the each creature on this earth. There are also many different forms of love. For instance, love for your family versus love for a mate. It is still a mystery to most people why people do crazy things for love, or why people feel love â€Å"conquers all†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definitions of love go as far as Greek mythology. For example, the story of Cupid and His mortal Bride Psyche. There are many explanations on how love exactly came to mean what it does. According to John Lee there are 6 different types of love. 1. Erotic love: romantic, sexual irrational, and largely based on physical attraction. 2. Manic love: intense, all consuming, possessive, and fluctuating between joy and despair. 3. Ludic love: egoistic, self-serving, competitive, and based on an unequal relationship between one partner who is highly committed and another who is emotionally uninvolved. 4. Pragm...

A Brief History of Christianity before Jesus Christ

Damascus Document Notes from the Damascus Document 1. The document opens by pointing out that during the time before the exile to Babylon when unfaithfulness was prevalent, causing God to bring about his wrath upon the people. 2. Then there came twenty years in which a remnant of the people knew their own guilt and tried to find a way to the path of righteousness, until God provided them with a â€Å"Teacher of Righteousness† who revealed the will of God. 3.The teacher of righteousness was opposed by the Man of Mockery who brought about persecution to the group led some of them into all sorts of unrighteous acts and sinfulness. The Man of Mockery led some of the people to sin through the defilement of the temple and causing the people â€Å"to wonder in a pathless wilderness†¦abolishing the ways of righteousness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  4. The teacher of righteousness was â€Å"passed away† at some point and the writer pointed out that the incident marked the beginning of th e end of all the fighters who deserted to the Liar.The writer also pointed out that period lasted about forty years. It seems as though the writer is saying that â€Å"passing away† of the teacher of righteousness (perhaps killed) by the Man of Mockery, was began the forty year long war which ended all wars. 5. The righteous members of the group became the â€Å"the Separatists† when they left the Holy City. 6. The writer of the document foretells the coming of two Messiahs out to the â€Å"House of Aaron and Israel. † Perhaps this may have been a reference to the John the Baptist (House of Aaron) and to Jesus the Christ (House of Israel).The exception to this theory is that technically Jesus was from the House of Judah, but collectively he Judah was Israel’s son, hence, the house of Israel would suffice. 7. The writer of the document explains the administrative hierarchy for members of the covenant. The one above all was the Overseer of the assembly. The document instructs that the Overseer shall teach the groups the ordinances of God and make decisions as to who can join the group and determine the rank that each will have. The Overseer â€Å"shall be from thirty to fifty years old and will have final say on all the group’s activities. The Overseer was the ultimate authority that settled disputes between members. 8. The Document also stated that congregation shall be divided into groups of ten and every group of ten members required a priest that rules the group of ten. Each group of ten was to be registered by name and the first one to be enrolled was the priest; followed by the Levites; and then came the regular Israelites with the proselytes being the last. The same order followed when members were settled during meals and assembly meetings. Each of the members was assigned a rank. 9.From here the documents provides a long succession of rules that governed the members including: keeping the Sabbath (even a restriction f rom assisting an animal to give birth or pull it out of pit if the animal falls on the Sabbath); prohibitions against sleeping with a woman in the City of the Sanctuary; rules for bathing; restrictions against selling of clean animals or birds to gentiles in case they would offer them in sacrifices; rules to members with children that require them to force their children to take an oath to the covenant upon the age of enrollment; directives to the members to contribute two days of every month’s incomes to the poor and needy; rules demanding all new members to study for a full year under the Overseer before partial membership if granted; and rules prohibiting any membership for lunatics, the maimed, madmen, the deaf, the blind, simpletons, the lame, and the underage.

Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Essays

Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Essays Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Paper Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Paper Strengths Demand Driven Industry (more than 4000 units for textiles alone) Strong presence in local market Availability of cheaper labor Geographically situated at ideal location (near end users) Most setups are self employed and have simpler management structure Weaknesses Obsolete technology machinery and equipment used for manufacturing Availability of raw material and inconsistent raw material prices Unskilled labor (only 1% workers have certificate / diploma from technical training institutions) Absence of research and development culture Lack of synergies between Govt. support institutions and practical market. Lack of standardization and quality control Non-sophisticated marketing sense. (branding grading) Unorganized vendor base Limited access to information (availability of finance, technological know how Govt. regulations) Energy costs Opportunities Import substitution. Pakistan imports machinery worth approximately US $ 600 million annually for textiles only. Free trade agreements like SAFTA and Pakistan’s recent attempt to get included in ASEAN. Lesser sophisticated African markets. Research and development and reverse engineering Threats Competition from countries like India China, which have more advanced engineering technology base. Lagging in technology, hence producing substandard goods that hamper consumer perception about local engineering products. Non-organized manufacturing and vendor base and unhealthy competition. Uncertainty in inputs costs Allowance of duty free textile machinery. Increasing duties on import of machinery / tools used in manufacturing of textile machinery and parts High dependence on single supplier of raw material i. e. Pakistan steel Non-existence of research and development culture lily to widen technology gap more and more with the passage of time. SWOT ANALYSIS- MAS holding chairman GARMENT INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVES Q: Could you provide a SWOT analysis of the garment industry today? A: STRENGTHS: The ‘Sri Lanka’ brand†¦ People understand international business, and adopt ethical and reliable business practices. Manufacturing good-quality products, not providing a sample which is great and the bulk quantity of a different standard. Compliance with health and safety standards. English-language skills in comparison to China, where just a few people may speak English in the entire factory – and if they are not available, you can’t get anything out of them. Well-disciplined, literate and skilled workforce. WEAKNESSES: Being slightly behind other countries in Not having a supply chain and proper textile infrastructure. Not having dedicated zones that provide utilities, such as electricity, at competitive rates. Not having a base for other supply-chain services. No technical and design skills. No proper merchandising skills. OPPORTUNITIES: With pressure on China, lots of buyers, retailers and brands are looking for alternatives to China. Sri Lanka has a tremendous opportunity to position itself as an outstanding alternative in active wear, children’s wear, casual wear and intimate apparel. THREATS: We have to be careful about being competitive internationally – not only in comparison to countries such as India, Vietnam and Indonesia. I believe there is another way of looking at this: we can’t view ourselves in isolation. We have to look at ourselves in relation to the rest of South Asia and see how we can leverage on each other’s strengths to perform well as a region. If we attempt to play in the huge global arena by ourselves, it will be a daunting challenge. Janaka Boteju – Sri Lanka Apparel exporters association Sri Lanka Apparel Industry Strengths Reputation of being a quality apparel manufacturer for the mass market. Compliance with International Labour regulations. Relatively disciplined and skilled labour and a trainable work force. Reputed International Customer base. On-time delivery of standard â€Å"all- season† products. Weaknesses Isolation from trade partners and heavy dependence on local buying agencies. Lack of geographical diversification in terms of its overseas markets. In-sufficient international and bi-lateral trade agreements to support the industry. Increasing cost of labour compared with other countries in the south Asian region Inadequate focus on developing backward integration linkages to support the industry. Non-existence of product design and new product developments. Non-existence of a Sri Lankan brand identity. Low productivity of labour, inefficient use of machinery and manufacturing processes. The relatively high cost of utilities. Opportunities Sri Lanka to become a total service provider for the global apparel industry. Promote Sri Lanka as a socially responsible manufacturer of apparels. Transition to products that require a high labour content. The positive impact of the government’s peace initiative Threats Rapidly changing trends in the retailing industry. The former socialist countries and the East European nation are potential to become major suppliers for the EU Market. Global formation of bi-lateral and multi-lateral trade blocks. New entrants to the industry. Emergence of efficient international shipping hubs in the Asian region.

The Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Essays - Japan, Free Essays

The Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Essays - Japan, Free Essays The Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Maria Tidwell World Cultures III Professor Longfellow 26 November 2000 The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb On August 6th 1945, the world changed forever. The United States dropped the first Atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The surviving witness Miyoko Watanabe describes her experience: I came out of the front dooran intense yellow, orange and white light overwhelmed me the light was thousands of times brighter than a magnesium flash gunI went inside to hideThere were strange sounds, crashing noises and jolts, and I kept no track of the timeI locked back to see how my mom was. She looked worse then a devilish witch. (47) The heat was intolerable; everywhere Miyoko looked there were wounded and dying people, bleeding from all over their bodies like her mom. Miyoko continues, Those who fled from one or one and a half kilometer from the hypocenter really did have to step over bodies and shake off hands grasping their legs for help. When someone caught hold of their shoes they just had to leave their precious shoes and flee otherwise they wouldnt survive(49). A friend of Miyoko told her that he had to leave his sister to die in the flames to save his life. That day, according to the Japan Times, 140,000 died as a direct result of the bombing. Later the total number of victims claimed in Hiroshima City came to 217,137. There is one question that comes to my mind reading these terrible stories from the victims of Hiroshima; was this necessary? Scholars have discussed the question for more than half a century. However, they all agree that the answer to this question does not make the use of atomic weapons seem less awesome or less awful, but it merely throw different light on it. The main argument defending the decision to drop the bomb is that it was necessary to end the war. Richard B. Frank in his book, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire defends the American decision. Relying on a host of original documentary sources, most notably the Japanese messages that were intercepted and decoded by the American forces, he presents a researched work that attempts to explain what might have happened if the bombs had not been dropped. The reader is left with the unshakable conclusion that the use of the bomb was a necessary evilthat the government of Japan was not ready to surrender, and even after the bombing of Hiroshima, the decision was to fight on. However, the conclusion of his book is that the bombing of Nagasaki (though nowhere near as damaging as the bombing of Hiroshima) persuaded the Japanese cabinet that the bomb was not a one off event, and that they faced certain destruction if they didn't sue for peace. According to Frank, Most American strategists believed that the war with Japan would be a long drown out operation with Japans fanatical resistance extracting mounting casualties the closer the American forces drew to the Home Islands (21). To understand this position, it is necessary to take a closer look at the American experience with the Japanese, during the war. The Japanese were known by their culture of no surrender; they would rather die than surrender. Particularly, in the Japanese military forces this tradition was prominent. Frank continues with a terrible example of this, The first intimations that the Japanese would literally choose death over surrenderand not merely an elite warrior caste but the rank and filecame in August 1942 at Guadalcanal. Two small Imperial Navy island garrisons fought to virtual extinction. Major general Alexander Archer Vandegrift, the Marine commander wrote: I have never heard or read of this kind of fighting. These people refuse to surrender. The wounded wait until men come up to examine themand blow themselves and the other fellow to pieces with a hand grenade(28). Another example, maybe as shocking, happened at the island of Saipan; nearly 30,000 Japanese soldiers fought to the death, only 921 (3 percent) were taken prisoner. On this Island there were 20,000 civilians. Only 10,258 surrendered; the rest chose death. In a carnival of death that shocked even battle-hardened Marines, whole families waded into the sea to drown together or huddled

The Relationship between School and Society Assignment

The Relationship between School and Society - Assignment Example However, time took drastic turn with the passage of time, and now an overwhelming majority of the individuals study in various schools, colleges, universities, academies and other formal educational institutions, from where the individuals seek professional education and obtain certificates and degrees in order to enter into practical life as qualified and skilled persons. Wilson (2011, p. ) is of the view that the increasing emphasis upon specific knowledge and the acquisition of credentials as the pathway for young adults seeking any hope of attaining financially rewarding occupations and navigating the existing social structure has captured the attention of the parents and students alike, which has paved the way towards the popularity of learning even in the poor and underdeveloped nations of the world. My respected parents got me admitted to a well-reputed school in the city when I was four years old. That was the institution from where I learned how to read and write. Like all s chools, my institution also taught me language, literature, pure and social sciences, humanities, mathematics and other disciplines. Somehow, I developed the special aptitude for political science, history, theology, philosophy, and literature. During the beginning of my educational career, the parts of the curriculum carrying civics, history, and spiritualism captured my attraction, and I always obtained excellent grades in these disciplines. My taste did not witness any decline in these subjects; as a result, I selected these subjects for my undergraduate program. I studied Plato, Descartes, Machiavelli, Nietzsche, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Adam Smith, Keynes and other political economists and sociological and political science theorists. The utilitarian theory articulated by J.S. Mill and structural-functional theory by Herbert Spencer opened new avenues of wisdom and foresight to me. I keenly studied the 1930 and 1970s economic recessions and drew out the causes and consequences of the same in an analytical way. I found Marxist conflict perspective to be highly moving (Ritzer, 2007, p. 88), and I looked for developing a worker-friendly corporate environment for the future years to come. I obtained the education under the system that was close to the Jeffersonian model of education. Famous statesman and educationalist of early nineteenth century Thomas Jefferson had introduced the education system where the children gradually climb the educational ladder in the light of their age-group. Stage I consists of primary school years, which should be specified for children of the age-group between 6 to 8 years. The students belonging to the age group from 9 to 16 years should be offered the education of intermediate level at secondary school, which is Stage II of education. Stage III of education focuses on the university years, which offers higher studies to the students. Consequently, the students should complete their education gradually and in a systematic way, wh ere the level of education should be determined in the light of the mental capabilities and understandings of the students, so that they could easily comprehend with the curriculum being taught to them at schools (Miller, 1998, p. 3).  

Introduction to Communication-Emotional Responses-discussion Personal Statement

Introduction to Communication-Emotional Responses-discussion - Personal Statement Example I vividly remember a situation when a colleague of mine tried to load me with a job, which actually happened to be his responsibility. It being a hard day, I really got angry. I had an interaction with my colleague regarding this issue. Though I didn’t use rude language, I managed to convey my resentment and anger through my bodily gestures. My face was flushed red and I was leaning slightly forward, in a way violating the personal space of my colleague, during this talk. While talking, my eyebrows happened to be down and close to each other and I must admit, I had a rude glare in my eyes. My lips were narrowed and quivering all through that short talk and I was sweating a little. My colleague was able to notice my anger by seeing my body language, though I spoke a little, and he apologized for his mistake. Though I managed to get what I wanted, in retrospect I think that my bodily gestures were a way too aggressive during this interaction, and I could have acted more restrain ed and

Principles of Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Project Management - Essay Example Consideration of the research works of Rad & Levin (2006) reveals the fact that project management should not be viewed as ad-hoc process rather issues like internal communication within organization, ethical dilemma among project team members regarding project deliverables, leadership of project manager, knowledge sharing etc significantly impact project management methodologies. In such context, Melbourne (2003) stated that project managers play vital role in managing not only system aspect of the project management but also control the effect of the above mentioned issues. In simple word, certain level of skill attributes and competencies are required of a project manager in order to deliver successful project outcomes to client. It is evident from the arguments of above mentioned research scholars that success of project management significantly depends on people management, integration of organizational structure, development of communication model, ethics etc while certain leve l of skill and capabilities of project manager is needed in order to achieve project deliverables. ... analyzing duration of the project, budget estimation, developing draft of the project deliverables, planning, implementing the project plan, controlling the irregularities and finally closing the approach. Winch et al (2012) also argued that significant amount of symmetry exists between projects based management and organisational change process. However, Parker and Craig (2008) argued that project management can be temporary phase of the change management approach but it cannot be considered as robust measure of change process. For example, Parker and Craig (2008) and Parker et al. (2012) gave example of IT projects, construction projects where teams are being formed in accordance with client deliverables and project requirements and such teams are being dismantled after fulfilment of project objectives. At this point, a pertinent question may arise that whether people management is a temporary aspect in project management or not? To answer this question, the researcher will conside r the research works of Eve (2007) which was designed for highlighting the importance of organizational factors in project management. Although, teams are being formed in temporary basis during a particular project but without people management, it becomes difficult for project leaders to achieve project objectives. Eve (2007) conducted research on project management data of companies like AT&T, Hewlett Packard, GM and IBM and found that companies use Project Management Maturity models (PMMM) to synchronize the organizational aspects with mechanical framework of project management. Korbel and Benedict (2007) gave system definition of Project Management Maturity models (PMMM) which focuses more on benchmarking of performance and delivering value to customers. People play the role of

Disaster Rehabilitation Complex Essay Example for Free

Disaster Rehabilitation Complex Essay Bamboo Hybrid Building Construction Material Foldable emergency houses through Bamboo Hybrid Building Construction Material. A revolutionary way of construction where the bamboos are being combined with structural Bolt Ball steel to act as struts (replacing the steel/aluminium material) and form as a structural joints to achieve stability and flexibility. Together with Contex-T: textile architecture, a fiber reinforced structural element that will act as the roofs and walls which provide good insulation, maximum flexibility in design and maximum mobility with a short construction period; and Liter of Light: soda bottle solar light, an innovative invention that will turn a soda bottle into a 50-60 watts light bulb during the day, which will be attached customarily to the bamboo struts in different areas of the foldable houses. -source; Building with Bamboo by Gernot Minke; WHAT IS THE PROJECT ABOUT? DESCRIBE. (STATEMENT OF USE/FUNCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE BUILDING BASED ON NBC) Philippine Red Cross Disaster Rehabilitation Complex: An Evacuation and Rehabilitation Facility under, Group D – Institutional (Government and Health Services) Division-1 No. 4 Principal use of The 2004 Revised IRR of P.D no. 1096 (as published by the DPWH), dedicated for the disaster and calamity victims, and also will become the new headquarters of   Red Cross; a development that will change the image of unsystematic and unorganized evacuation center in the Philippines that aims to educate people in their condition during calamities while providing them a complete set of recreational, medical, educational, conventional and administration facilities dedicated for their fully rehabilitation directly from Philippine Red Cross, while eliminating the issue of politics and providing an immediate response during and after the calamity. A formal evacuation center in the Philippines that can cater a huge amount of evacuees while providing them comfort, care and medical attention and a comfortable emergency houses through Bamboo foldable houses, where a locally found bamboo’s are being modified and turn it into a unique hybrid construction material where it is incorporated with structural bolt steel and organic fiber reinforced textile material that can provide a recyclable, flexible, and a faster installation while reducing the cost and maintaining the stability and the proper standards for an emergency houses. LOCATION (OPTIONAL) Tent City of Tacloban Marcos Highway cor. Amang Rodriguez Ave., Barangay Dela Paz, Pasig City. TARGET USERS: PRIMARY:Evacuees and victims of disaster and calamities SECONDARY:Volunteers Doctors Medical Staff’s TERTIARY: People in needs of medical assistant Security personnel Donors Visitors NO. OF USERS: (approximate no.) 100,000 Families OWNER(S) OR CLIENT(S): Philippine Red Cross PROJECT OBJECTIVE(S) OF THE OWNER (WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR THE PROJECT?) 1. To erase the image of the Philippine’s chaotic evacuation center 2. To provide new Headquarters of Philippine Red cross that will become a center of their public service and donations 3. To educate and raise the awareness of the people to the Emergencies, Calamities, and Disasters 4. To help people recover from their condition, in a faster service with a complete facility dedicated for them. 5. To reduce the health casualties occurring in the un-organized evacuation center. BUDGET/FINANCING SCHEME: The amount of financial funds will be according to the donations collected by the Philippine National Red Cross from the different organizations of the Government especially From Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) and from private sectors and individual charitable donations. Structural3,000 per square meter Electrical and telecoms1,000 per square meter Sanitary 2,500 per square meter Sprinkler1,000 per square meter Mechanical1,500 per square meter Architectural 5,000 per square meter Emergency houses550,000 (estimated cost of bunk houses of government) Note: the cost of land acquisition for the site is not yet included in the above mentioned costing.

Soap Operas Are Regarded Media Essay

Soap Operas Are Regarded Media Essay Introduction Soap operas are often regarded as bad, poorly acted, not socially valued if not said have no aesthetic at all. Is it because most of the soap opera viewers are women? In traditional view, soap opera is perceived as less significant compare to other forms of television programme. However, this overview changed when soap opera reached high ratings and generated high revenues. It increases prominence of soap opera in television landscape and attract scholars to study this particular genre of television programme. The study of soap opera has not completed without studying its audiences. It is assumed that soap opera viewers are predominantly women. There are various theories of soap opera audience that emerge, such as uses and gratification (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Literature review The gendered audience theory discussed by Mary Ellen Brown in her book, Soap Opera and Womens Talk is the starting point of our discussion on women and soap opera. In the gendered audience theory, it is assumed that hegemonic values, in which tend to exclude non dominant perspectives, has to be deconstructed in order to study television audiences (Brown 1994, p.12). Brown (1994, p.13) assumes that the interaction between TV audiences and a text does not stop with the moment of consumption of the text. Rather, she explains that the process of meaning making exists in the tertiary text, a term used by John Fiske which refers to the conversations that people engage in about television watching, in which also used in the ethnographic research (Brown 1994, p.13). Brown asserts that soap opera gives women reactive pleasures, that is pleasures of being represented by the narrative that soap opera brought to the surface (Brown 1994, p.18). This pleasure has to do with the idea that soap opera has been facilitating women to talk with each other and expressing their ideas and feelings without being criticised (p.18). Soap opera depicts problems that women in real life are dealing with, it creates conversation between them around the text, which called the spoken text. This conversation is emerged as result of feeling unrepresented in the dominant discourse, in which women are considered as part of subordinate groups, where their positions are constructed within patriarchy system (p.23). Christine Scodari in her book, Serial Monogamy: soap opera, lifespan, and the gendered politics of fantasy discusses Stuart Halls (1980) decoding/ encoding model, in which divides the reader into preferred/ dominant, negotiated and oppositional. According to Lewis, this classic model is believed to leave a gap of readers who acknowledge the storys intent but disagrees with it (p.42). In order to fill in this gaps, Lewis creates a fourth designation, the resistive reading that is the process of questioning the idea of preferred reading by exploring the messages ambiguity they see fit (p.42). Scodari suggests to add the qualifier hegemonic or counter hegemonic into the discussion, as the emerging of interaction between soap opera fans creates collective positions of reading. She further explores this conception by discussing interaction between fans of Another World, a mid 1990s US soap opera. Scodari claims that the shows plot was becoming more similar with Days of Our Lives, that ten d to focus on catfight between the female characters, she calls this as DOOLification of soap opera (p.43). The plot tends to encourage confrontation between audiences that happens in private place such as home, or publicly in the online media. The fans reaction toward it was polarised between the preferred, hegemonic reading and the oppositional, counter hegemonic. The fans begin to name calling each other and attacking personal, in which Scodari refers this as tabloid talk (p.43). Jennifer Hayward, in her journal, Day after Tomorrow: Audience Interaction and Soap Opera Production discusses about soap opera audience have power over the show. This notion contradicts with the common perception that soap fans have been considered as passive victims, brainwashed by the shows narrative (p.97). Hayward analyse conversation between Oprah Winfrey and one of the addict soaps fans. Hayward finds that speculating what will happen to characters within the next episodes, which called the narrative game contributes to what we understood as soap pleasure (p.98). According to the conversation, Hayward assumes crucial function of soap opera as to provide communities an open lines of communication between viewers, a neutral field discussion for housewives isolated in their respective homes and nuclear families (p.99). She also adds other function of soap opera, which is to provide a forum for public to explore disruptive social issues as well as political matters. In relation to power of the audience, she contests the notion that soap opera audiences are passive victims. From her analysis of the fans letters and conversation with them, Hayward suggests that the audiences are showing active involvement with the process of fiction making (p.99). They send letters to the shows producer, convey their criticism and even giving suggestion on how the narrative should be. Hayward uses a case study of One Life to Live to show fans power. One of the characters of OLTL, left the show due to a contract dispute, the fans response by sending 45.000 letters and then it became the headlines across soap magazines. Hayward calls this activity as active fandom (p.101). Whetmore and Kielwasser on their journal, The Soap Opera Audience Speaks: A Preliminary Report discusses how the soap viewers perceive the viewing process (p.110). The complexity and multiple sub plots seem to be characteristic of soap opera, therefore it takes a while for newly viewers to be able to understand the whole narratives. The authors suggests that newly viewers of certain soap opera has to get over the hump, that is the process of understanding the historical ties that bind the characters together (p.110). This process is enabled through discussion with other more experienced viewers. Soap opera tends to withheld the solutions of problems encountered by the characters, ends each episode with questions in viewers minds. This is claimed to be one of the appeal of soap opera (Jen Hayward). This creates viewing dependency. According to Whetmore and Kielwasser, by this viewing consistency, viewers are developing different emotional payoffs. They classify these payoffs into thre e categories; immediate, short term and long term (p.111). Newly viewers usually developing immediate payoffs, because it do not require understanding of previous plot lines and are usually characterised by the completion of a single event (p.111). The example of immediate payoffs is romantic scene. Short term payoffs require viewing practice from the beginning of a single sub plot to its completion. It usually found in the mini climax of a single sub plot (p.111). Long term payoffs are mostly awaited by devoted and long time viewers. Often, it requires years of constant viewing. Barbara Stern and Cristel Russell in their journal, Vulnerable Women on Screen and at Home: Soap Opera Consumption contests positive functions of soap opera that have been described by Hayward. Stern and Russel assume that soap opera appealing for women because it provides emotional release, personal gratification, companionship and reality escapism (p.222). They claim that soap opera industry continue displaying vulnerable upper class women to put viewers in an inferior position that are constantly exposed to imaginary ways of living and improper role models. Persistent viewing practice is assumed to risk viewers an emotional harm (Jewel and Abate 2001). They claims that the soap industry repetitively convey gender stereotyping that put women in subordination (p.223). The negative effects of soap opera are claimed to give viewers parasocial attachment and vulnerability loop in social learning and behavioural modelling (p.223). Parasocial attachment is defined as viewer relationship with fictional characters in which perceived to be real people, thus able to influence viewers norms, desires and behaviours (Churchill and Moschis 1975). In long term period, this can lead to cultivation effects, that is images on television shapes viewers perception of social reality (Larson 1996, p.98). This is enabled by viewers attachment to characters they observe on a daily basis. The stronger this parasocially interaction, the more it is likely to become a source of behavioural modelling (Stern Russell 2005, p.223). In contrast with Haywards idea, Stern and Russell claim that social function of soap opera have been over expected, because it has negative implications to less educated and less affluent soap audiences. To clarify their idea, the authors discuss recent study of 900 long term soap viewers who mostly perceive that alcohol drinking looks attractive and is associated with success (Diener 1993). Behavioural modelling also become concerns especially for adolescent gi rl soap viewers. The author mention a study of teenage girl soap viewers responses to images of single mothers, found that the girls tend to trivialise the parental role of single mom as hip and enjoyable without having to work hard. Dorothy Hobson in her book, Soap Opera claims that those critics who perceive that soap opera viewers as vulnerable and likely to be fooled by the programmes have not done sufficient studies of the audience. Hobson supports what Brunsdon noted as active audiences. Those viewers consciously choose which aspects of the programmes that they interesting in and then interpret the text according to their own experiences (Hobson 2003, p.166). Soap operas are appealing to women audiences because the programmes portray problems as well as solutions that they can identify with. Viewers at home especially housewives are incorporating soap opera viewing as her daily routines and manage her domestic duties such as cooking and preparing for dinner in a way that enable them to watch prime time soap opera. In an interview she conducted to women viewers, Hobson finds that soap opera are interesting to them because of the unpredictable events that happen within the serial, unlike other genre such as n ews programmes that are most likely to show crimes (p.171). When something bad happens to soap opera characters, the dramatic effect that viewers feel is more likely as if it is happen to somebody they know. Draw from this findings, Hobson asserts that soap opera carries the message more effectively than the same discourses exposed in a news programme (p.172). Viewers also make judgement on how the characters should behave in certain circumstances, comparing with how they would react if those things happen to them in real life. Hobson asserts that watching soap opera is not a passive process, instead the pleasure of it comes from conversation with other people, sharing opinions and using it as a medium to discuss aspects of their own lives (p.175). According to interview conducted to working women in Britain, Hobson found that women are discussing soap opera within their workplace. This conversation of the narratives enables them to discuss personal matters without making anybody fe els being intruded and humiliated. Hobson calls this as bringing the private sphere into the public domain (p.179). Conversation about soap opera performs as a medium to discuss personal problems among these working women. Hobson calls this as creating a cultural space in the workplace (p.182). Conclusion

Cryogenics And The Future :: essays research papers

Cryogenics and the Future Cryogenics is a study that is of great importance to the human race and has been a major project for engineers for the last 100 years. Cryogenics, which is derived from the Greek word kryos meaning "Icy Cold," is the study of matter at low temperatures. However low is not even the right word for the temperatures involved in cryogenics, seeing as the highest temperature dealt with in cryogenics is 100 (C (-148 (F) and the lowest temperature used, is the unattainable temperature -273.15 (C (-459.67 (F). Also, when speaking of cryogenics, the terms Celsius and Fahrenheit are rarely used. Instead scientists use a different measurement called the Kelvin (K). The Kelvin scale for Cryogenics goes from 173 K to a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero. There are also two main sciences used in cryogenics, and they are Superconductivity and Superfluidity. Cryogenics first came about in 1877, when a Swiss Physicist named Rasul Pictet and a French Engineer named Louis P. Cailletet liquefied oxygen for the first time. Cailletet created liquid oxygen in his lab using a process known as adiabatic expansion, which is a "thermodynamic process in which the temperature of a gas is expanded without adding or extracting heat from the gas or the surrounding system"(Vance 26). At the same time Pictet used the "Joule-Thompson Effect," a thermodynamic process that states that the "temperature of a fluid is reduced in a process involving expansion below a certain temperature and pressure"(McClintock 4). After Cailletet and Pictet, a third method, known as cascading, was developed by Karol S. Olszewski and Zygmut von Wroblewski in Poland. At this point in history Oxygen was now able to be liquefied at 90 K, then soon after liquid Nitrogen was obtained at 77 K, and because of these advancements scientist all over the world began competing in a race to lower the temperature of matter to Absolute Zero (0 K) [Vance, 1-10]. Then in 1898, James DeWar mad a major advance when he succeeded in liquifying hydrogen at 20 K. The reason this advance was so spectacular was that at 20 K hydrogen is also boiling, and this presented a very difficult handling and storage problem. DeWar solved this problem by inventing a double- walled storage container known as the DeWar flask, which could contain and hold the liquid hydrogen for a few days. However, at this time scientists realized that if they were going to make any more advances they would have to have better holding containers. So, scientists came up with insulation techniques that we still use today.

Research Papers in Computer Science Essay

Since we recently announced our $10001 Binary Battle to promote applications built on the Mendeley API (now including PLoS as well), I decided to take a look at the data to see what people have to work with. My analysis focused on our second largest discipline, Computer Science. Biological Sciences (my discipline) is the largest, but I started with this one so that I could look at the data with fresh eyes, and also because it’s got some really cool papers to talk about. Here’s what I found: What I found was a fascinating list of topics, with many of the expected fundamental papers like Shannon’s Theory of Information and the Google paper, a strong showing from Mapreduce and machine learning, but also some interesting hints that augmented reality may be becoming more of an actual reality soon. The top graph summarizes the overall results of the analysis. This graph shows the Top 10 papers among those who have listed computer science as their discipline and chosen a subdiscipline. The bars are colored according to subdiscipline and the number of readers is shown on the x-axis. The bar graphs for each paper show the distribution of readership levels among subdisciplines. 17 of the 21 CS subdisciplines are represented and the axis scales and color schemes remain constant throughout. Click on any graph to explore it in more detail or to grab the raw data.(NB: A minority of Computer Scientists have listed a subdiscipline. I would encourage everyone to do so.) 1. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (available full-text) LDA is a means of classifying objects, such as documents, based on their underlying topics. I was surprised to see this paper as number one instead of Shannon’s information theory paper (#7) or the paper describing the concept that became Google (#3). It turns out that interest in this paper is very strong among those who list artificial intelligence as their subdiscipline. In fact, AI researchers contributed the majority of readership to 6 out of the top 10 papers. Presumably, those interested in popular topics such as machine learning list themselves under AI, which explains the strength of this subdiscipline, whereas papers like the Mapreduce one or the Google paper appeal to a broad range of subdisciplines, giving those papers a smaller numbers spread across more subdisciplines. Professor Blei is also a bit of a superstar, so that didn’t hurt. (the irony of a manually-categorized list with an LDA paper at the top has not escaped us) 2. MapReduce : Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters (available full-text) It’s no surprise to see this in the Top 10 either, given the huge appeal of this parallelization technique for breaking down huge computations into easily executable and recombinable chunks. The importance of the monolithic â€Å"Big Iron† supercomputer has been on the wane for decades. The interesting thing about this paper is that had some of the lowest readership scores of the top papers within a subdiscipline, but folks from across the entire spectrum of computer science are reading it. This is perhaps expected for such a general purpose technique, but given the above it’s strange that there are no AI readers of this paper at all. 3. The Anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual search engine (available full-text) In this paper, Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page discuss how Google was created and how it initially worked. This is another paper that has high readership across a broad swath of disciplines, including AI, but wasn’t dominated by any one discipline. I would expect that the largest share of readers have it in their library mostly out of curiosity rather than direct relevance to their research. It’s a fascinating piece of history related to something that has now become part of our every day lives. 4. Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints This paper was new to me, although I’m sure it’s not new to many of you. This paper describes how to identify objects in a video stream without regard to how near or far away they are or how they’re oriented with respect to the camera. AI again drove the popularity of this paper in large part and to understand why, think â€Å"Augmented Realityâ€Å". AR is the futuristic idea most familiar to the average sci-fi enthusiast as Terminator-vision. Given the strong interest in the topic, AR could be closer than we think, but we’ll probably use it to layer Groupon deals over shops we pass by instead of building unstoppable fighting machines. 5. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (available full-text) This is another machine learning paper and its presence in the top 10 is primarily due to AI, with a small contribution from folks listing neural networks as their discipline, most likely due to the paper being published in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. Reinforcement learning is essentially a technique that borrows from biology, where the behavior of an intelligent agent is is controlled by the amount of positive stimuli, or reinforcement, it receives in an environment where there are many different interacting positive and negative stimuli. This is how we’ll teach the robots behaviors in a human fashion, before they rise up and destroy us. 6. Toward the next generation of recommender systems: a survey of the state-of-the-art and possible extensions (available full-text) Popular among AI and information retrieval researchers, this paper discusses recommendation algorithms and classifies them into collaborative, content-based, or hybrid. While I wouldn’t call this paper a groundbreaking event of the caliber of the Shannon paper above, I can certainly understand why it makes such a strong showing here. If you’re using Mendeley, you’re using both collaborative and content-based discovery methods! 7. A Mathematical Theory of Communication (available full-text) Now we’re back to more fundamental papers. I would really have expected this to be at least number 3 or 4, but the strong showing by the AI discipline for the machine learning papers in spots 1, 4, and 5 pushed it down. This paper discusses the theory of sending communications down a noisy channel and demonstrates a few key engineering parameters, such as entropy, which is the range of states of a given communication. It’s one of the more fundamental papers of computer science, founding the field of information theory and enabling the development of the very tubes through which you received this web page you’re reading now. It’s also the first place the word â€Å"bit†, short for binary digit, is found in the published literature. 8. The Semantic Web (available full-text) In The Semantic Web, Tim Berners-Lee, Sir Tim, the inventor of the World Wide Web, describes his vision for the web of the future. Now, 10 years later, it’s fascinating to look back though it and see on which points the web has delivered on its promise and how far away we still remain in so many others. This is different from the other papers above in that it’s a descriptive piece, not primary research as above, but still deserves it’s place in the list and readership will only grow as we get ever closer to his vision. 9. Convex Optimization (available full-text) This is a very popular book on a widely used optimization technique in signal processing. Convex optimization tries to find the provably optimal solution to an optimization problem, as opposed to a nearby maximum or minimum. While this seems like a highly specialized niche area, it’s of importance to machine learning and AI researchers, so it was able to pull in a nice readership on Mendeley. Professor Boyd has a very popular set of video classes at Stanford on the subject, which probably gave this a little boost, as well. The point here is that print publications aren’t the only way of communicating your ideas. Videos of techniques at SciVee or JoVE or recorded lectures (previously) can really help spread awareness of your research. 10. Object recognition from local scale-invariant features (available in full-text) This is another paper on the same topic as paper #4, and it’s by the same author. Looking across subdisciplines as we did here, it’s not surprising to see two related papers, of interest to the main driving discipline, appear twice. Adding the readers from this paper to the #4 paper would be enough to put it in the #2 spot, just below the LDA paper. Conclusions So what’s the moral of the story? Well, there are a few things to note. First of all, it shows that Mendeley readership data is good enough to reveal both papers of long-standing importance as well as interesting upcoming trends. Fun stuff can be done with this! How about a Mendeley leaderboard? You could grab the number of readers for each paper published by members of your group, and have some friendly competition to see who can get the most readers, month-over-month. Comparing yourself against others in terms of readers per paper could put a big smile on your face, or it could be a gentle nudge to get out to more conferences or maybe record a video of your technique for JoVE or Khan Academy or just Youtube. Another thing to note is that these results don’t necessarily mean that AI researchers are the most influential researchers or the most numerous, just the best at being accounted for. To make sure you’re counted properly, be sure you list your subdiscipline on your profile, or if you can’t find your exact one, pick the closest one, like the machine learning folks did with the AI subdiscipline. We recognize that almost everyone does interdisciplinary work these days. We’re working on a more flexible discipline assignment system, but for now, just pick your favorite one. These stats were derived from the entire readership history, so they do reflect a founder effect to some degree. Limiting the analysis to the past 3 months would probably reveal different trends and comparing month-to-month changes could reveal rising stars.

Pulse Rate Essay

1. What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the strength/pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of our blood vessels. It is recorded as two numbers – the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. 2. Why is high blood pressure a problem? When blood pressure is high the heart is working to hard to get blood through your body and can cause heart attacks, strokes and even death, heart and kidney failure. (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/bp/bp.htm) 3. Why does increased physical activity raise heart rate? Increased physical activity increases oxygen demand as well as the need to remove excess carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration. In order to meet oxygen needs our heart rate increases along with other respirations to supply our body with the necessary oxygen. (Muscles require more oxygen for cellular respiration and increased cellular respiration increases carbon dioxide in our body that triggers the increase of breathing and circulation rates.) 4. Why is heart rate lower in an individual who does aerobic exercise regularly? A lot of exercise will cause our heart muscle to pump more blood with each beat/contraction. If the volume of the blood being pumped with each contraction is greater than the rate of our heartbeat will be lower. 5. Why do some people feel faint when they go quickly from lying down to standing? Gravity causes blood pressure in the arteries/vessels going to our brain to drop when standing up quickly after laying down. This motion causes a sudden feeling of faintness until mechanisms in our body elevate our blood pressure in the vessels to normal again. 6. How and why does heart rate change with body position? Heart rate increases from lying down to standing up because more energy is required for our body to maintain in a standing/sitting position in comparison to lying down. Therefore the increased need for ATP increases cellular respiration that causes an increase need for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in our body that triggers increased breathing so our heart rate increases as well. 7. From your study of the circulator system how would you describe a â€Å"fit† individual? A fit individual has an ability to contain a lot of oxygen by having an efficient respiration and circulatory system. When having these efficient systems their heart is allowed to pump more blood with each beat and the person can quickly recover from the stress of exercise(By returning their exercise pulse rate to their standing pulse rate) more quickly compared to a person who is not fit.